abroad abrupt acceptable acclaim actually adverse advice attractive autonomous disapproval disruptive haphazardly ideal persistent wide همراه با آزمون abroad adv. to or in another country Syn. overseas, internationally I've never lived abroad before. She often goes abroad on business. We never travelled abroad when we were kids. goods imported from abroad The books about Harry Potter are very popular now, both at home and abroad. Louis Armstrong often traveled abroad. Living abroad can be an educational experience. He lived abroad for many years. Are you going abroad for your vacation? products sold both at home and abroad *CULTURAL NOTE: When Americans say someone is going abroad, they usually mean that they will be going to another continent. __________________________________ abrupt adj. quick, without warning adv. abruptly Syn. sudden n. abruptness There was an abrupt change in the weather. an abrupt change of plan come to an abrupt end/halt etc The bus came to an abrupt halt. After the incident everyone left abruptly. The meeting came to an abrupt end. an abrupt change of policy/drop in oil prices an abrupt decision his abrupt departure he left the room abruptly ____________________________________ acceptable adj. good enough, allowable or satisfactory v. accept Syn. permissible adv. acceptably n. acceptability adj. accepting The idea was acceptable to everyone. The registrar accepted more applicants than he should have. This standard of work is not acceptable; do it again. an agreement which is acceptable to all sides Students who achieve an acceptable standard will progress to degree studies. How do we reach an acceptable level of data security? ________________________________ acclaim n. enthusiastic approval, applause, praise for a person or their achievements adj. acclaimed Syn. praise n. acclamation Isaac Stem has won acclaim abroad. Acclaimed authors often win Pulitzer Prizes. The young singer is enjoying massive critical acclaim (=praise by people who are paid to give their opinion on art, music etc) . The book received considerable critical acclaim. the book deserves the acclaim it has received _________________________________ actually adv. being in existence, real or factual in actual fact; really adj. actual Syn. truly They were actually very good soccer players. The actual time allotted to complete the test is two hours. She says it’s a good movie, though she hasn’t actually seen it. Yes, I know he looks very young, but he’s actually 45. (showing surprise) He not only invited me in but he actually offered me a drink! For the first time in years, the rate of inflation has actually fallen. Common Errors: We need to produce and export more than we do actually. We need to produce and export more than we do at present. actually = strange as it may seem; in fact (despite what is said or thought): ‘People think we’ve got lots of money, but actually we’re very poor.’ at present = now ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ adverse adj. displeasing, objectionable, or bad, unfavorable; going against; opposing adv. adversely Syn. unfavorable n. adversity n. adversary Adverse weather conditions made it difficult to play the game. His indecision adversely affected his job performance. The proposal has attracted a lot of adverse comment. in adverse conditions They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. Miller's campaign has received a good deal of adverse publicity . ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ advice [uncountable] n. opinion given to someone about what they should do in a particular situation: v. advise adj. advisable Syn. suggestion n. advisability Good advice is hard to find. It is not advisable to stay up late the night before a test. I asked the doctor for her advice. Acting on her advice, I decided to give up smoking. He gave them some good/sound advice. Let me give you a piece of advice. If you take my advice, you won’t tell anyone about this. (=this is what I advise) Common Errors 1 I adviced him to tell the police. I advised him to tell the police. Advice /Ed'vaIs/ is a noun. Advise /Ed'vaIz/ is a verb. 2 She gave me a good advice. She gave me some good advice. Advice is an uncountable noun. Note the alternative: ‘She gave me a good piece of advice.’ ________________________________________ attractive adj. calling attention to, pleasing, creating interest, v. attract pretty n. attraction Syn. appealing n. attractiveness adv. attractively The idea of working four, 10-hour work days was attractive to the employees. The major attraction of the show was a speech by the president. ________________________________________ ideal adj. having no flaw or mistake, excellent adv. ideally Syn. perfect n. ideal The beach is an ideal place to relax. Candidates for the job should ideally have five years experience in similar positions. ________________________________________ persistent adj. continuous, refusing to give up, firm in action or decision v. persist n. persistence adv. persistently Syn. constant The attorney's persistent questioning weakened the witness. Her persistence earned her a spot on the team. his persistent attempts to annoy me I kept telling him I wasn’t interested in his offer, but he was most persistent. a persistent offender If she hadn't been so persistent she might not have gotten the job. persistent efforts Persistent offenders (=people who often break the law) face a prison sentence. ______________________________________ wide adj. extending over a large area adv. widely Syn. broad n. wideness Pine forests are found over a wide area of the Pacific Northwest. The senator has traveled wide1y. _______________________________________ autonomous adj. by itself, with no association adv. autonomously Syn. independent Mexico became an autonomous state in 1817. Although working closely with the government, all businesses function autonomously. an autonomous region this organization is governmental but autonomous Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain. _______________________________________ disapproval n. the act of disagreeing, not giving approval v. disapprove adv. disapprovingly Syn. objection Their disapproval of the plan caused the experiment to be abandoned. The students disapproved of the plan of study. strong disapproval of the country's human rights record Baxter eyed our clothes with obvious disapproval. Clarissa shook her head in disapproval. He spoke with disapproval of your behavior. She shook her head in disapproval. (=as a sign of disapproval) he expressed his disappoval of the way I dress She gave up her job, greatly to my disapproval. (=making me disapprove) _______________________________________ disruptive adj. causing confusion and interruption causing problems and preventing something from continuing in its usual way v. disrupt Syn. disturbing n. disruption adv. disruptively Frequent questions during lectures can be disruptive. The storm caused a disruption in bus service. He has a disruptive influence on the other children. disruptive to Night work can be very disruptive to home life. Mike's parents thought I was a disruptive influence (=a person who causes disruption) . ways to handle disruptive pupils because of disruptive remarks, he was asked to leave the meeting ____________________________________ haphazardly adv. having no order or pattern, by chance adj. haphazard Syn. arbitrarily, carelessly n. haphazardness It was obvious that the house was built haphazardly. Susan completed the assignment in a haphazard way. bushes growing haphazardly here and there Tehran grew in a haphazard way. books were piled on shelves haphazardly
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 2 advanced advantage advent agile albeit allow appealing celebrated contemporary distribute encourage energetic frail refine worthwhile همراه با آزمون advanced . adj. very modern v. advance n. advancement Syn. progressive Advanced technology is changing the world. His advancement to captain came unexpectedly. advanced weapon systems advanced technology high levels of unemployment in the advanced industrial societies ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ advantage (written) n. something that may help one to be successful or to gain something Syn. benefit adv. advantageously adj. advantageous Is there any advantage in arriving early? He was advantageously born into a rich family. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ advent n. the arrival or coming of (an important event, period, invention, etc.): Syn. arrival With the advent of computers, many tasks have been made easier. The newspapers announced the advent of the concert season. People are much better informed since the advent of television. _____________________ agile adj. able to move in a quick and easy way adv. agilely n. agileness n. agility Syn. nimble Deer are very agile animals. She moved agilely across the stage. agile as a deer he jumped over the fence with agility an agile animal an agile mind _____________________________ albeit conj. in spite of the facts, regardless of the fact used to add information that reduces the force or importance of what you have just said Syn. although, even though His trip was successful, albeit tiring. Albeit difficult at times, speaking another language is rewarding. He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation. Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly. It was a very important, albeit small, mistake. Attitudes to this question are changing, albeit slowly. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ allow v. to agree to let something happen, not to interfere with an action n. allowance adj. allowable adv. allowable Syn. permit Arthur's natural agility will allow him to excel in sports. The extra money allowed us to stay abroad another day. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ appealing adj. attractive or interesting, able to move Syn. alluring v. appeal feelings n. appeal adv. appealingly Working abroad is appealing to many people. Through his speeches, the candidate appealed to the voters. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ celebrated adj. acclaimed, well-known, and popular, famous Syn. renown The celebrated pianist will give a concert this weekend. San Francisco is celebrated for its multicultural makeup. a celebrated actress a celebrated legal case a celebrated poet a celebrated writer/legal trial Venice is celebrated for its beautiful buildings. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ contemporary adj. modern, up-to-date; also a person living at the same time as another person, happening or done in the same period of time n. contemporary Syn. current Contemporary architecture makes very good use of space. Cervantes was a contemporary of Shakespeare. Sa'di and Rumi were contemporaries contemporary Iranian literature The wall hangings are thought to be roughly contemporary with the tiled floors. an exhibition of contemporary Japanese prints life in contemporary Britain Hejazi was one of the most celebrated football players in Iran. Shahnameh, which is known as the “Book of Kings” in English, is the celebrated work of the epic poet Ferdowsi ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ distribute v. to divide among people or to give out n. distribution Syn. dispense Many publishers distribute their newspapers directly to homes in their area. The distribution of seeds is very quick with this new machine. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ encourage v. to give courage or hope to someone n. encouragement adj. encouraging adv. encouragingly Syn. inspire Even though the runner finished second, he was encouraged by his performance. His teacher gave him the encouragement that he needed to learn the material. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ energetic adj. full of life, action, or power n. energy adv. energetically Syn. vigorous Sam hasn't been as energetic as he usually is. There's a lot of energy in these batteries. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ frail adj. weak in health or in body Syn. fragile The frail wings of the newborn bird could not lift it off the ground. One of the frailties of human beings is laziness. disease had left the old man frail She is now eighty, and becoming too frail to live alone.ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ refine v. to make pure, to improve n. refinement adj. refined Syn. perfect Factories must to refine oil before it can be used as fuel. A squirt of lime juice is the perfect refinement to cola. Car makers are constantly refining their designs. oil refiningــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ worthwhile adj. value in doing something if something is worthwhile, it is important or useful, or you gain something from it Syn. rewarding It was worthwhile waiting 10 hours in line for the tickets. It's worthwhile to enroll in salamzaban.com. a worthwhile charity to contribute to We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets. He wanted to do a worthwhile job. We decided to give the money to a worthwhile cause (=one that helps people) . I thought it was worthwhile to clarify the matter. It wasn't worthwhile continuing with the project.
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 3 alter analyze ancient annoying anticipate conform defect enrich intensify intolerable observe ongoing propose restore alter v. to change or make different (to make or become different, but without changing into something else) v. altered n. alteration adj. alterable adv. alterably Syn. modify I Will the starlit alter its course and miss the coast? Gloria hasn't altered her plans to return to school. after the death of his children, he was an altered man the weather alters from one season to another Her face hadn't altered much over the years. The city centre has altered beyond recognition (=changed very much) . Nothing can alter the fact that the refugees are our responsibility. This shirt will have to be altered; it’s too large. The village hasn’t really altered much since the last time I was there. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ analyze v. to study something carefully, to separate into parts for study Syn. examine n. analyzed n. analysis Scientists must analyze problems thoroughly. Analysis of the substance confirms the presence of nitrogen. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ancient adj. something from a long time ago, very old. Syn. old Archaeologists analyze ancient civilizations. Dave found an ancient Roman coin. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ annoying adj. a slight bother, disturbing to a person Syn. bothersome n. annoyance v. annoy adv. annoyingly Mosquitoes can be an annoying part of a vacation at the beach. She annoyed her parents by coming home late. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ anticipate v. to think about or prepare for something ahead of time Syn. predict adj. anticipatory n. anticipation No one can anticipate the results of the games. They planned their vacation with anticipation. We don't anticipate any problems. A good speaker is able to anticipate an audience's needs and concerns. This year, we anticipate that our expenses will be 15% greater. It is anticipated that the research will have many different practical applications. conform v. to follow established rules or patterns of (to obey or be in accordance with established rules) Syn. adapt n. conformity behavior n. conformist Yon must conform to the rules or leave the club. She has always been a conformist. You must either conform to the rules or leave the school. This piece of equipment does not conform to the official safety standards. Students can be expelled for refusing to conform to school rules. All new buildings must conform with the regional development plan. products which conform to international safety standards ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ detect v. to find out, to observe something Syn. notice n. detection n. detective He detected a smile on his girlfriend's face. They are the best detectives on the police force. Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early. Dan detected a change in her mood. Do I detect a note of sarcasm in your voice? ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ enrich v. to make rich, to make something of greater value Syn. enhance n. enrichment adj. enriching The fine arts enrich our lives. The discovery of oil was an enrichment for the country. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ intensify v. to make stronger in feeling or quality to increase in degree or strength, or to make something do this Syn. heighten n. intensity adj. intense adj. intensive adv. intensely adv. intensively The importance of the test will sometimes intensify the nervousness of the students. The chess match was played with great intensity. In June the civil war intensified. His mother's death intensified his loneliness. The strong wind seemed to intensify the cold. Efforts to reach the injured men have been intensified because of a sudden deterioration in weather conditions. The intensification of the industrial dispute has caused alarm in government circles. we must intensify our efforts their rivalry is intensifying separation intensified their love the guerrillas intensified their attacks ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ intolerable adj. difficult or painful to experience, not able to accept different ways of thought or behavior (too difficult, bad, annoying etc for you to accept or deal with) Syn. unbearable n. intolerance adv. intolerably adv. intolerantly adj. intolerant Any opposition to the rules is intolerable. His boss was intolerant of his tardiness. intolerable pain/rudeness an intolerable situation his behavior was intolerable intolerable pain 'This is intolerable!' exclaimed Sir Rufus. The pain had become intolerable. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ observe Syn. notice v. to see and watch carefully, to examine n. observation n. observer adj. observant adj. observable Human beings like to observe the behavior of monkeys. I made the observation that you are not happy. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ongoing adj. continuing Syn. current The tutoring project is an ongoing program of the school. Maintaining roads is an ongoing job. their ongoing search for a new director ongoing negotiations The discussions are still ongoing. ongoing discussions ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ propose Syn. suggest v. to suggest or plan to do something n. proposal n. proposition adj. proposed The governor is going to propose new taxes. Her proposal was well accepted. What do you propose we do? The company has proposed a new formula for settling the dispute. I wish to propose Charles Robson for membership of the club. to propose a motion I propose delaying our decision until the next meeting/that we delay our decision until the next meeting. ِCommon Errors It was proposed all members of the staff to start work an hour earlier. It was proposed that all members of the staff (should) start work an hour earlier. propose that someone (should) do something ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ restore v. to give back or bring back something; to return to the original condition n. restoration adj. restored Syn. revitalize He restored my confidence in hint. It is a beautiful restoration of the old table. the stolen property was restored to its owner to restore law and order to restore the factory to profitability they restored the lost child to her parents _________________________ vital very necessary; of the greatest importance: adj. of great importance, full of life Syn. indispensable n. vitality adv. vitally Money is vital to the success of the program. His intense vitality was easily observable. Your support is vital to/for the success of my plan. It’s vital that we (should) act at once. issues of vital national importance
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 5 amaze baffle bear block blur brilliant caution challenge delicate enhance intrigue persuade replace shed unique همراه با آزمون amaze v. to fill with great surprise Syn. astonish adv. amazingly n. amazement adj. amazing I was amazed that I received an A on the calculus test. The actor gave an amazing performance. Dave amazed his friends by suddenly getting married. It still amazes me how much she has improved. Your knowledge amazes me. It amazed us to hear that you were leaving. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ baffle v. if something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all Syn. puzzle adj. baffling n. bafflement The causes of many harmful diseases have baffled doctors for centuries. That was a baffling question. The question baffled me completely. a baffling mystery. The police admitted that they were completely baffled (by the lack of evidence). ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ bear v. to produce, to carry; to show; to endure Syn. yield adj. bearably adj. bearable This orchard bears many fine harvests of apples. Although stock prices declined, losses have been bearable for most investors. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ block also block up v. to prevent movement progress, or success Syn. obstruct n. blockage adj. blocked The government blocked the sale of the airline. The streets were flooded due to a blockage in the pipes. Something’s blocking the pipe. a blocked pipe. The road was blocked by a big truck. My nose is all blocked up and I can’t breathe. The police have blocked off the road where the bomb was found. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ blur v. to make something difficult to see Syn. cloud adj. blurred n. blur The rain blurred everyone's view of the valley. The whole accident is just a blur in my mine. Tears blurred my eyes. windows blurred with rain. a very blurred photograph. The street lights were blurred by the fog. Many of the details in the picture are blurred. Tears blurred her eyes . His vision was blurred . ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ brilliant extremely clever or skilful Syn. radiant adv. brilliantly n. brilliance Einstein was a brilliant thinker. She brilliantly produced a solution to the problem.. a brilliant performance. a brilliant young musician. a brilliant idea/invention/scientist ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ caution v. to warn against possible danger Syn. warn adj. cautious adj. cautionary something adv. cautiously n. caution The office cautioned the motorist to slow down. They entered into the negotiations cautiously. She cautioned the child against talking to strange men. The director cautioned that these changes could lead to job losses. (law) The policeman said, “I must caution you that anything you say may be used against you (at your trial).” Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility. Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process. He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ challenge n. an invitation to complete, something that demands competitive action or much thought adj. challenging v. challenge Syn. dare Finishing the 26-mile race was a challenge for most of the participants. It was a challenging math problem. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ delicate adj. needing careful treatment, sensitive, easily broken adv. delicately Syn. fragile Because of its controversial nature, it was a challenge to discuss such a delicate issue in public. You must handle the antique delicately. Be careful with those old glasses — they’re very delicate. delicate hand-cut glass. The sun can easily damage a child's delicate skin . ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ enhance v. to increase in a positive way, such as in value, power, or beauty Syn. strengthen n. enhancement adj. enhanced Passing the exam should enhance your chances of being, admitted to college. The computer enhanced our productivity. Good secretarial skills should enhance your chances of getting a job. Hopefully, the meeting will enhance the prospects for world peace. computer-enhanced learning (=learning in which the student is helped or guided by a computer as well as by a teacher). ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ intrigue if something intrigues you, it interests you a lot because it seems strange or mysterious Syn. fascinate adj. intriguing adv. intriguingly n. intrigue He was intrigued by the acclaim flat he received. The intriguing question baffled historians. Other people's houses always intrigued her. the toy intrigued the child. a tale that intrigues the reader. He’s always been intrigued by machinery. You intrigue me; tell me more! ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ persuade to cause to believe or feel certain to make someone believe something or feel sure about something Syn. convince adv. persuasively adj. persuasive n. persuasion They couldn't persuade their critics to see their point of view. John presented a persuasive argument for his salary increase. She was not persuaded of the truth of his statement. He was unable to persuade the police that he had been elsewhere at the time of the crime. she persuaded me that I was wrong. I persuaded him to study medicine. persuade yourself that you will not fail. __________________ replace v. to change for another thing; to take the place of Syn. substitute adj. replaceable n. replacement They have replaced all of the old office equipment. The new employee was the replacement for Mr. Topper, who retired last month. You’ll have to replace those tires; they’re badly worn. We’ve replaced the old adding machine with a computer. Common Errors: I told him he would have to replace the broken lid by a new one. I told him he would have to replace the broken lid with a new one. replace something with something else, NOT by ________________ shed v. to throw off naturally, to give out (of a plant or animal) to have (its skin, leaves, hair, etc.) come off or fall out naturally: Syn. discard In order to grow, crabs must shed their shells. Most trees shed their leaves in autumn. Some snakes shed their skin each year. The trees were starting to shed their leaves . As it grows, a snake will regularly shed its skin . ________________ unique adj. to be the only one of a kind; special Syn. rare adv. uniquely n. uniqueness He was presented with a unique opportunity to attend the conference. His style of writing is uniquely his own. Common Errors: It is one of the most unique pieces of architecture in Spain. It is one of the rarest pieces of architecture in Spain. Something can be absolutely unique or totally unique but NOT very/more/most/somewhat (etc.) unique. There are no degrees of uniqueness when unique means ‘the only one of its kind’ ________ آزمونهای درس 5 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 5 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 5 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 3 درس 5 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 6 chiefly coarse commonplace comparatively complex conventional curious exceedingly exclusively immense indeed rigid routinely sufficiently visibly همراه با آزمون chiefly adv. most importantly or most commonly adj. chief Syn. mostly Houses are made chiefly of wood products. Corn is the chief crop of the Midwest. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ coarse adj. not fine or smooth, not delicate ￚopposite smooth Syn. rough or lumpy adv. coarsely n. coarseness Sandpaper is an extremely coarse material. Wool clothing has certain coarseness in texture. a jacket of coarse wool. coarse cloth coarse fingers coarse sand sandpaper is coarse ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ commonplace adj. ordinary Syn. frequent Soon it will be commonplace to see the person to whom you Female lawyers are commonplace in the United States. Car thefts are commonplace in this part of town. Heart transplant operations are becoming fairly commonplace. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ comparatively adv. being measured or judged by comparison Syn. relatively adj. comparative v. compare n. comparison It was comparatively easy for him to learn baseball because he had been a cricket player. If you compare algebra and trigonometry, you'll discover that algebra is less complex. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ complex adj. difficult to understand or explain; having many parts n. complexity Syn. complicated The businessmen astutely approached the complex production problem. The universe has a complexity beyond comprehension. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ conventional adj. following accepted rules or standards Syn. traditional adv. conventionally n. convention Professor Canfield agreed with the conventional theory about the origin of the Basque language. To become integrated into a society, you must learn the conventions of that society. I’m afraid I’m conventional in my tastes. After a few conventional opening remarks, he made a brilliant speech. More and more people are turning away from conventional Western medicine to alternative methods of treatment. conventional clothes/opinions ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ curious adj. odd or strange; eager to learn Syn. peculiar adv. curiously n. curiosity A curious object was discovered in the remains. Sally was curiously interested in the history of Alaska. ــــــــــــــــــــــــ exceedingly adv. very; to an unusual degree Syn. extremely v. exceed n. excess adj. excessive adv. excessively In tropical zones, it is exceedingly hot and humid. It is not safe to exceed the speed limit. Thank you. You've been exceedingly kind. Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. His performance exceeded our expectations . He was fined for exceeding the speed limit. The riot police had exceeded their authority. They were exceedingly kind to me.ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ exclusively adv. only; and nothing/no one else; not shared with others Syn. restrictively adj. exclusive n. exclusion v. exclude This room is used exclusively by the faculty. They excluded everyone under age 21 from the contest. This room is exclusively for women. He writes exclusively for the Washington Post. This offer is available exclusively to people who call now. _________________ immense adj. extremely large in size or degree Syn. massive, enormous adv. immensely n. immensity From the mountaintop you can see the immense valley. She was immensely interested in the idea of teaching a foreign language. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone. an immense palace/improvement. __________________ indeed adv. certainly; really (used to make a statement stronger) Syn. truly Did he indeed go to the infirmary. It is very hot indeed. _________________ rigid adj. not easy to bend; firm, inflexible adv. rigidly Syn. stiff The teacher was very rigid in his ideas about class attendance. He adhered rigidly to his opinions about marriage. rigid and authoritarian methods of education. a rigid metal bar. a rigid schoolmaster. _________________ routinely adv. regularly, usually done Syn. ordinarily adj. routine n. routine She routinely gets a physical examination. It is routine for students to become homesick at times. _________________ sufficiently adv. enough, in a satisfying manner n. sufficiency adj. sufficient v. suffice Syn. adequately Jenny is sufficiently mature to make her own decisions. Her income is sufficient for her needs. _________________ visibly adv. can be seen to the future adj. visible n. vision* v. view adj. visionary* (* power of imagination or wisdom,especially with regard) Syn. noticeably Ken was visibly upset about his performance evaluation. Stars are more visible on a clear fall evening. _______________ آزمونهای درس 6 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 6 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 6 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل ( لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید.)
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 7 appropriate clarify conceal confirm constantly convenient core critical distort diverse prosperous purposefully reveal scarcely theoretically همراه با آزمون appropriate adj. correct or good for the purpose n. appropriateness adv. appropriately Syn. proper It is not appropriate to cheat on tests. She was dressed appropriately in a suit for the job interview. "The level of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries is not appropriate for the age-old ties of the two nations and we should remove the obstacles to the development of mutual cooperation between Iran and Turkey," Gul said at the time ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ clarify v. to make more easily understood, to make clear n. clarification Syn. explain Chapter 2 in the textbook clarifies the process of osmosis. A clarification of the government's position on this matter is necessary. Could you clarify one or two points for me? Reporters asked him to clarify his position (=say exactly what his beliefs are) on welfare reform. The report aims to clarify how these conclusions were reached. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ conceal formal v. to prevent from being seen or discovered n. concealment Syn. hide The students concealed their feelings about the course. His concealment of the evidence made his case more difficult to prove. He concealed his feelings/his debts from his wife. He was found to be carrying a concealed weapon. She tried to conceal how she felt. The shadows concealed her as she crept up to the house. The path was concealed by long grass. a concealed weapon. She tried to conceal the fact that she was pregnant. She was taking drugs and trying to conceal it from me. deliberate concealment of his activities. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ confirm v. to make certain, given support to give support or certainty to (a fact, belief, statement, etc.), e.g. by providing more proof or by stating that something is true or correct: adj. confirmed n. confirmation Syn. prove The director confirmed that the meeting would be on the tenth. We have just received confirmation of your reservation on the flight to Los Angeles. He said he would accept the job, so we have asked him to confirm his acceptance in writing. The expression on her face confirmed our worst fears. This new evidence confirms (me in) my opinion that they are lying. The President refused to either confirm or deny this rumor. The announcement confirmed that the election would take place on June 20th. a note asking us to confirm when we would be arriving. ________________________ constantly adv. all the time, or very often adj. constant Syn. continually Philosophy constantly questions the nature of human existence. The speed of light is constant at 186,000 miles a second. He talked constantly about his work. The English language is constantly changing. He drove at a constant speed. A thermostat keeps the temperature constant. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ convenient adj. easy to reach, near; suitable to one's needs adv. conveniently Syn. practical —opposite inconvenient n. convenience The student union is convenient to the physical sciences building. For the convenience of the student body, the library is located in a central location. the house is very convenient for the store. Will three o’clock be convenient for you? I’m afraid this isn’t a very convenient time to see you. They met in a mutually convenient place. (=suited to both their needs) It was politically convenient to blame the Senator from Idaho. conveniently situated in a quiet suburb. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ core adj. the central or most important part n. core Syn. chief The core of the curriculum consists of courses that are required of all students. They are loyal to the core. The Earth has a molten core. The belief in free enterprise is at the core of their political thinking. The core of the problem. ____________________ critical adj. very serious or requiring careful judgment; finding fault v.critique n. criticism n. critic adv. critically Syn. dangerous It is critical to follow the directions for the experiment exactly as the instructor indicates. The runner accepted criticism from his coach very well. His book provides a critical analysis of the television industry in Britain. She looked round the room with a critical eye. _____________________ distort v. to change from the original shape or condition, usually in an unnatural way adj. distorted n. distortion Syn. deform Time and space are distorted when traveling at the speed of light. Distortion of the image from a microscope can be caused by low light. Tall buildings can distort radio signals. her face was distorted by pain. __________________ diverse adj. various; distinct from others adv. diversely n. diversity v. diversify Syn. Different Freud had many diverse interests in psychology. The diversity of life forms on Earth makes zoology an interesting area of study. a nation of such diverse racial origins. a man of diverse interests. subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology. __________________ prosperous formal adj. successful, wealthy Syn. thriving adv. prosperously v. prosper n. prosperity In the early 1900s, San Francisco was a prosperous city. Bacteria prosper under the proper conditions. a prosperous landowner. the more prosperous regions of the country. a prosperous country. gradually Siamak became prosperous. __________________ purposefully adv. done for a special reason adj. purposeful adv. purposely n. purpose Syn. deliberately The course syllabus was designed purposefully to be easy to follow. He was authorized to spend the money for business purposes. He walked purposefully to his desk. a purposeful and consistent foreign policy. a purposeful movement. __________________ reveal v. to uncover, to expose adv. revealingly adj. revealing n. revelation Syn. disclose The president revealed some of his ideas before he gave his speech. The report made some revelations about the nature of the conflict. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ scarcely / ˈskeəsli $ ˈsker- / adv. almost not Syn. hardly adj. scarce n. scarcity The woman scarcely spoke a word of English. Due to a scarcity of water, a rationing plan was established. The city had scarcely changed in 20 years. The country had scarcely any industry. He scarcely ever left the region. It was getting dark and she could scarcely see in front of her. scarcely a day goes by when I don't think of him. Common Errors: Never I had seen such an ugly face. Never had I seen such an ugly face. When negative adverbs such as never/seldom/hardly/scarcely are used at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and auxiliary verb change places: ‘Never have I known him to lose.’ ‘Rarely do you find such intelligence in a child.’ _________________ theoretically adv. according to a reasoned, but not proven, point of view adj. theoretical n. theory v. theorize Syn. hypothetically His argument was theoretically appealing but not realistic. Leonardo da Vinci theorized that the Earth was not the center of the universe. Theoretically he’s in charge, but in fact his secretary makes all the decisions. It is theoretically possible for computers to be programmed to think like humans. Theoretically, Damian's the boss, but I coordinate the team on a day-to-day basis. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ آزمونهای درس 7 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 7 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 7 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 3 درس 7 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 8 accelerate crack create creep crush cultivate dictate distinguish flaw harvest mirror obtain particle settle transport همراه با آزمون accelerate v. to go faster, to speed up, to (cause to) move faster n. acceleration n. accelerator Syn. hasten —opposite decelerate The action of molecules accelerates when they are heated. The poor condition of the motor made acceleration difficult. measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth. The car accelerated smoothly away. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ crack n. a thin opening caused by breaking, a flaw v. crack Syn. fracture Cracks in the ice allowed for fishing. The wall cracked due to poor construction. Don’t pour hot water into the glass or it will crack. The window was cracked but not broken. ______________________________ create v. to make something new adj. creative adv. creatively n. creation n. creator n. creativity n. creativeness Syn. produce Thomas Edison created numerous inventions. Jonas Salk was an extremely creative scientist. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ creep v. to move slowly and quietly close to the ground; to begin to happen adj. creeping Syn. crawl Some mistakes are beginning to creep into his work. Ivy is a creeping variety of plant. _______________________ crush v. to press together so as to completely distort the shape or nature of the object adj. crushing n. crush Syn. grind The machine crushes corn to produce corn meal. Passage of the legislation was a crushing blow to the president's program. Don’t crush the box, there are eggs inside! The tree fell on top of the car and crushed it. His leg was crushed in the accident. Two people were crushed to death in the rush to escape. he was crushed under the wheels of a truck. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ cultivate v. to plant and raise a crop; to encourage growth of a relationship or friendship to pay special and friendly attention to (someone that one regards as useful): adj. cultivated n. cultivation Syn. grow The professionals had common interests that allowed them to cultivate a working relationship with each other. The cultivation of diverse crops in pre-Columbian America is well documented. Professor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating. We cultivated maize and watermelons. John always tries to cultivate people who might be able to help him professionally. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ dictate v. to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave to state demands with the power to enforce adj. dictatorial n. dictator Syn. impose The workers were not in a position to dictate demands to management. His boss resembled a dictator. We’re now in a position to dictate our own demands (to the management). We can dictate how the money will be spent. The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government. Can they dictate how the money will be spent? Federal funds have to be used as dictated by Washington. Islamic custom dictates that women should be fully covered. The US government attempted to dictate the terms of the agreement. peace terms were dictated to the defeated Germany. you can't dictate to people how they should vote. the law dictated that his head should be cut. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ distinguish v. to hear, see, or recognize differences adj. distinguishable adj. distinguished adj. distinguishing Syn. discriminate Some people cannot distinguish colors well. Anteaters are distinguished by their long noses. His attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish between right and wrong. a method of distinguishing cancer. I can distinguish them by their uniforms. Can you distinguish the different buildings at such a distance? ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ flaw n. a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes something imperfect adj. flawed Syn. defect There is a flaw in his theory. They noticed that the contract was flawed. a flaw in the software. a slight flaw in the glass. A design flaw (=a mistake or weakness in the way. something was made) caused the engine to explode. a flaw in a bar of steel. several flaws in his argument. an engine without any flaw. __________________________ harvest n. the act of collecting a crop; the crops gathered adj. harvested v. harvest Syn. gather The United States had a comparatively good grain harvest this year. They were able to harvest the crop before the rain. ________________________ mirror v. to show, as in a mirror if one thing mirrors another, it is very similar to it and may seem to copy or represent it n. mirror Syn. reflect The results of the study mirror public opinion. The strength of the economy is mirrored in the standard of living of the people. Henry's sad smile mirrored that of his son. The economic recovery in Britain was mirrored in the US. My experience of working in this area closely mirrors your own. Do these opinion polls really mirror what people are thinking? _______________________ obtain v. to gain or secure something adj. obtainable Syn. gain The university obtained a new particle accelerator. The painting by Whistler was not obtainable. The form is obtainable at your local post office. I’m sorry sir, that type of camera is no longer obtainable. you must first obtain the necessary information. I could not obtain a copy of her book. friendship is not obtainable through money. Further information can be obtained from head office. You will need to obtain permission from the principal. the results obtained through these surveys. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ particle n. a very small piece of something Syn. fragment Particles of dust can destroy electronic instruments. Small particles of matter hold the keys to understanding the origin of life. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ settle v. to establish a home; to resolve a disagreement adj. settled n. settlement Syn. colonize People arriving from the south settled in California. The lawyers settled their differences and came to an agreement. Rodman met with Kreeger to try and settle the dispute over his contract.We hope the factions will be able to settle their differences (=agree to stop arguing) by peaceful means. Forensic tests should settle the question of whether Bates was actually present at the scene of the crime. She finally settled with her former employers for an undisclosed sum. They might be willing to settle out of court (=come to an agreement without going to a court of law) . Many Jewish people settled in the Lower East Side. They settled their argument/differences in a friendly way. The two companies settled (their dispute) out of court. (=came to an agreement about it between themselves rather than letting a court of law decide about it) ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ transport v. to move from one place to another adj. transportable adj. transported n. transportation Syn. carry Flying is not always the fastest way to transport passengers to their destination. The transportation expenses of products increase their final cost. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ آزمونهای درس 8 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 8 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 8 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 3 درس 8 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 9 accurate classify currency deep dense depend on dim display exports gigantic impressive lasting treasury uniform vibrant همراه با آزمون accurate adj. careful and exact adv. accurately n. accuracy Syn. precise She was able to make accurate observations with the new telescope. Experiments must be conducted with accuracy. the accuracy of his account. to throw darts with pinpoint accuracy. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ classify v. to place into groups according to type adj. classified n. classification Syn. arrange Biologists classify life forms into many phyla. The library's catalog is a classification of books in the library. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ currency n. monetary unit Syn. money The purchase must be paid for in the national currency. The French currency is gaining strength. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ deep adj. far below the surface; complete adv. deeply understanding n. depth v. deepen Syn. thorough Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. The depth of his understanding of math is remarkable. ______________________ dense adj. made of or containing a lot of things or people that are very close together, difficult to see through adv. densely n. density Syn. thick The boating accident was caused by the dense fog. Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. A narrow track wound steeply up through dense forest. a dense rurally-based population. a dense forest. a dense substance. a dense smoke or liquid. a dense crowd. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ depend on v. to count on; to be supported by to need the support, help, or existence of someone or something in order to exist, be healthy, be successful etc adv. dependably adj. dependable n. dependence n. dependency n. dependent Syn. trust, rely on The farmers depend on rain to produce a good harvest. His dependency on alcohol destroyed his marriage. The country depends heavily on its tourist trade. We depend entirely on donations from the public. Many women have to depend on their husbands for their state pension. I'm depending on you to tell me everything. We're depending on him finishing the job by Friday. Common Errors The number of hours he worked was depend on the number of absentees. The number of hours he worked depended on the number of absentees. Depend (on) is a verb, NOT an adjective. سلام زبان - Administration[]=9461 ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ dim adj. not bright or clear, Dark fairly dark or not giving much light, so that you cannot see well adv. dimly v. dim n. dimness Syn. faint, dark The light was too dim for studying. The stars dimly lit the evening sky. The light is too dim for me to read easily. Prospects for any early settlement of the dispute are dim. (=are not good) in the dim light of the early dawna. dim glow. ______________________ display v. to show, reveal n. display Syn. exhibit The model displayed the details of the human hand. The candidate's display of anger was unfortunate. _____________________ exports [countable usually plural] n. products sold abroad adj. exported v. export Syn. foreign sales Until recently the United States' exports exceeded its imports. Exported goods are usually high in qualify. Wheat is one of the country's chief exports. Selling insurance overseas is Britain's largest invisible export (=a service rather than a product) . ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ impressive adj. something that is impressive makes you admire it because it is very good, large, important, skillful etc adv. impressively v. impress n. impression (the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something because of the way they seem) Syn. imposing Lincoln's power of persuasion was impressive. Everyone left with a good impression of the play. Arriving late won't create a very favourable impression . We were left with the impression that the contract was ours if we wanted it. I get the distinct impression that we're not wanted here. It was their first meeting and Richard was determined to make an impression . When it comes to job interviews, first impressions are important. Canceling the conference will make a very bad impression . The final score gives a false impression of the game. How you greet a customer can leave a lasting impression . The overall impression was one of chaos. firm impression of the seal on the wax. her poem left a deep impression on me. what was your impression of his words? The house was very untidy — it didn’t create a very good impression, I’m afraid. Her speech made quite an impression on the audience. (=had an effect on them, esp. by being good) First impressions are often wrong. What’s your impression of him as a worker? (=do you think he is good or bad?) an impressive speech/speaker. the great cathedral with its impressive spire. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ lasting adj. forever, without end, continuing for a long time; unending v. last Syn. enduring, long-lasting Kennedy left a lasting impression on the people who heard his inaugural address. The introduction of robots will have a lasting effect on industry. searching for a lasting peace after so many terrible wars. His policies had a lasting effect on our country’s economy. lasting friendship. lasting glory. lasting peace. the lasting effect of his services to the country. a lasting solution to our problems. The reforms will bring lasting benefits . Their generosity made a lasting impression on me. a solution that would bring lasting peace. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ treasury n. the agency that controls and spends money; the government department that is responsible for managing the money system of a country and for carrying out government plans in relation to taxes and public spending, a collection of valued things. adj. treasured v. treasure Syn. bank The treasury was under pressure to lower interest rates. Encyclopedias are a treasury of information. a treasury of modern English verse. the jewels and gold bars of Bank Melli treasury. The Treasury exercises tight control over public spending. _____________________________ uniform adj. every part being the same. the same all over; not different or varying in any way; regular adv. uniformly n. uniformity Syn. consistent Bread has a uniform texture. The grades on the test were uniformly poor. The air-conditioning system maintains a uniform temperature throughout the building. rows of dull uniform houses. The sky was uniformly (=completely) gray. These cakes are uniformly (=all) disgusting. the drab uniformity of the houses in this area. Grade A eggs must be of uniform size. the uniform surface of the wall. uniform speed. the dam will make the flow of Zayandehrood uniform throughout the year. a uniform minimum wage for the whole country. a uniform policy toward all foreign banks. a row of uniform houses. ll _________________________________ vibrant adj. lively, powerful, full of action, bright, exciting full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and attractive adv. vibrantly n. vibrancy Syn. brilliant His vibrant personality made him well liked by everyone. The vibrancy of the city is attractive to many individuals. a city vibrant with life. a youthful vibrant voice. Hong Kong is a vibrant, fascinating city. She was sixteen, young and vibrant. vibrant streets. a vibrant woman. آزمونهای درس 9 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 9 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 9 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 3 درس 9 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل ( لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید.)
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 10 distinct dominant dormant drab dramatic elaborate exceptional hazardous minuscule prime rudimentary sensitive superficial terrifying vigorous همراه با آزمون distinct adj. different, clearly seen, heard, understood, etc.; noticeable adv. distinctly adj. distinctive n. distinct Syn. definite There was a distinct aroma of coffee in the restaurant. The two theories are distinctly different from each other. Those two ideas are quite distinct (from each other). The party split into two distinct groups. The rule only applies to nationals of the country, as distinct from foreign visitors. two entirely distinct languages. There are four distinct types. The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other. The outline of the ship became more distinct. Sadi's style is quite distinct from that of Hafez. despite their great resemblance, these two animals are really distinct from each other. a distinct smell of burning. There’s a distinct possibility that she’ll be appointed as a director. I distinctly (=clearly) remember telling you to come. I had the distinct impression that he was going to swindle me. he heard a voice distinctly calling his name. a very distinct image. [HR][/HR] dominant adj. primary or principal; having or exercising control over something adv. dominantly v. dominate (to control someone or something or to have more importance than other people or things, to be larger and more noticeable than anything else in a place) n. domination Syn. major The dominant life forms of the paleozoic era lived in the water. The skyscraper dominated the skyline. Blue is the dominant color in his later paintings. Peace was the dominant theme of the conference. a dominant personality. The dominant male gorilla is the largest in the group. Japan became dominant in the mass market during the 1980s. its dominant position within the group. The committee works well together, although sometimes the chairman tends to dominate. The team has dominated international gymnastics for years. The huge skyscraper dominates the center of the city. The election campaign was dominated by the issue of unemployment. The industry is dominated by five multinational companies. New Orleans dominated throughout the game. Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation. Education issues dominated the election campaign. The cathedral dominates the city. to dominate a football league. when Germany dominated Europe. [HR][/HR] dormant adj. not growing or producing; asleep n. dormitory (a large building at a college or university where students live) Syn. inactive ￚopposite active The volcano had been dormant for hundreds of years before the eruption last month. The seniors live in the new dormitory. These bulbs remain dormant for a period of time, before becoming active again under the ground during winter. a dormant volcano. The report lay dormant for two years while the company tried to find additional finances to implement its suggestions. The seeds remain dormant until the spring. a huge dormant volcano. the teacher who interrupted his talk to denounce a dormant student. some diseases stay dormant for a long time. his talents were dormant up to the age of twenty, then suddenly they flowered. thoughts that lie dormant for years. [HR][/HR] drab adj. lacking color; uninteresting, boring adv. drably n. drabness Syn. colorless, dull Their clothing was quite drab. The drabness of the desert made driving less interesting. a drab green dress. Nothing ever brightened their drab lives. The walls were painted a drab green. she was dressed in drab colors. a truly drab personality. [HR][/HR] dramatic adj. something that captures the imagination; exciting adv. dramatically n. drama v. dramatize Syn. emotional The dramatic finish to the game left us speechless. The hurricane dramatically changed the coastline. [HR][/HR] elaborate adj. something with a large number of parts; full of details adv. elaborately v. elaborate n. elaboration Syn. complex An elaborate headdress indicated rank within the Aztec community. His elaboration of the issue was quite thorough. a very elaborate telecommunications network. an elaborately carved wooden statue. She made elaborate preparations for the party, and then no one came. The curtains had an elaborate pattern of flowers. this motor has a very elaborate structure. an elaborate network of tunnels. [HR][/HR] exceptional adj. unusual in a positive way adv. exceptionally Syn. phenomenal The orchestra's performance was exceptional. The North Star is exceptionally bright. This is an exceptional case; I've never seen anything like it before. Promotion in the first year is only given in exceptional circumstances. All her children are intelligent, but the youngest girl is really exceptional. (=unusually intelligent) It was an exceptional game. The firefighters showed exceptional bravery. exceptionally honest. [HR][/HR] hazardous adj. very risky, unsafe adv. hazardously n. hazard Syn. dangerous Handling flammable liquids is hazardous. There are many hazards involved with starting a business. The chemicals in paint can be hazardous to health . the disposal of hazardous waste. cigaret smoking can be hazardous to your health. a hazardous patrol duty through mine fields. a hazardous journey. a hazard to health. There are many serious health hazards associated with smoking. That big box of papers is a fire hazard. (=something that increases the risk of fire) Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. [HR][/HR] minuscule, miniscule adj. of little consequence; very small adj. minute (very small) n. minitia Syn. tiny, minute The sale of the building had a minuscule effect on the profits of the corporation. Some leaves are covered with minute hairs. a minuscule amount of food. Her office is minuscule. the minuscule wages of school janitors. You only need a minute amount. Her handwriting is minute. [HR][/HR] prime v. to make ready; adj. primed adj. prime(most important) n. prime (the time in your life when you are strongest and most active) Syn. prepare The directors primed the actors before the performance. Mozart passed away in the prime of his life. Smoking is the prime cause of lung disease. Our prime concern is providing jobs for all young school leavers. He was named as the prime suspect in the murder investigation. Good management is of prime importance in business Did you prime her with what to say? He had a shower and primed himself for action. He had been primed to say nothing about it. She's now forty and still in her prime. He is now past his prime . a man in the prime of life a young singer who was tragically cut off in her prime (=died while she was in her prime) He was about 40 years old, and in the prime of life. She is still good-looking, but she’s past her prime. Many young soldiers have been cut off/down in their prime. (=killed in battle while still young) A prime reason for our economic decline is lack of investment. [HR][/HR] rudimentary adj. simple; not complex n. rudiment (the most basic parts of a subject, which you learn first) Syn. basic He has a rudimentary knowledge of computers. The rudiments of grammar are taught in all English classes. Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music. my rudimentary German. subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form. The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary. I have only a rudimentary knowledge/grasp of chemistry. Their road-building equipment is fairly rudimentary. a rudimentary airfield. the rudiments of windsurfing. [HR][/HR] sensitive adj. easily affected adv. sensitively n. sensitivity Syn. delicate Film varies according to its sensitivity to light. This equipment is very sensitive to changes in temperature. Wetlands are environmentally sensitive areas. a baby's sensitive skin. Older people tend to be very sensitive to cold. Increasing numbers of people are sensitive to cow's milk. sensitive to cold/pain. light-sensitive photographic paper. [HR][/HR] superficial adj. simple; not deep; near the surface adv. superficially Syn. shallow The inspector determined that the crack in the bridge was only superficial. You should not try to answer the question superficially. a superficial burn. superficial measurements. superficial newspaper reports. his thinking is superficial. a superficial wound. a superficial resemblance between two people. She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises. superficial damage. [HR][/HR] terrifying adj. filled with fear, extremely frightening adv. terrifyingly v. terrify (to fill with terror or fear) Syn. frightening To be in a violent storm is a terrifying experience. They are terrified by dogs. It was 30 years before he told anyone of his terrifying experience. terrifying screams. It was absolutely terrifying . Heights terrify me! Her husband's violence terrified her. the thought of nuclear war terrifies the people. [HR][/HR] vigorous adj. powerful, full of action, using a lot of energy and strength or determination, strong and healthy adv. vigorously n. vigor (active strength or force of mind or body;physical or mental energy and determination, ENERGY) Syn. strong His vigorous defense of the issues impressed everyone. He approached his work with vigor. The secretary made a vigorous defense of his department’s policies. These tomato plants are very vigorous. (=growing strongly and healthily) a vigorous young man. Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day. Environmentalists have begun a vigorous campaign to oppose nuclear dumping in the area. a vigorous debate. Vigorous efforts are being made to find a solution to the problem. The measures provoked vigorous opposition in right-wing circles. a vigorous fig tree. a vigorous handsome young man. a vigorous protest. the vigorous enforcement of the laws. vigorous exercise is not good for everyone. the vigorous continuation of resistance. a vigorous enemy of materialism. For a man of seventy he still has surprising vigor. Inspired by what she had said, he attacked the problem with renewed vigor. He began working with renewed vigour . [HR][/HR] آزمونهای درس 10 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 10 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 10 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 3 درس 10 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل ( لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید.)
Essential Words for the TOEFL- Lesson 11 amenity destroy disperse dwelling element elementary eliminate emphasize encircle erratic exaggerate mention pier prevalent release همراه با آزمون amenity / əˈmiːnti $ əˈme- / n. something that makes life easier or more enjoyable Syn. convenience She had all the amenities of home when she went camping. One expects many amenities at a five-star hotel. The hotel is in the city centre, close to shops and local amenities. houses that lack basic amenities (=basic things that people need, such as heat and running water) Parks and swimming pools are just some of the neighborhood’s local amenities. this hotel is equipped with every imaginable amenity. he wanted all the amenities of modern life. The small town has all the amenities of a large city. جستجو ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ destroy v. to put an end to the existence of something adj. destructive adv. destructively n. destructiveness n. destruction n. destroyer Syn. ruin The factory was destroyed by the fire. The destruction of the old landmark was opposed by a concerned group of citizens. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ disperse v. to cause to move in many different directions adj. dispersed Syn. circulate The high winds and rain dispersed the crowd. After the hurricane, dispersed belongings cluttered the street. The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered. After school the children dispersed to their homes. The wind dispersed the clouds. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd. Groups of police were dispersed all along the street where the heads of state were to pass. our regiment was dispersed by the enemy attack. they dispersed the news throughout the state. the sun kept dispersing morning mists. the crowd dispersed at the first shot. the tourists left the bus and dispersed themselves in various hotels. جستجو ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ dwelling n. where people live n. dweller (a person or animal that lives in a particular place) v. dwell (lit or old use to live (in a place)) Syn. house Cave-like dwellings have been discovered throughout the world. City dwellers often have trouble adjusting to life in the country. Welcome to my humble dwelling! his permanent dwelling is in Kashan. City dwellers suffer higher pollution levels. city/town/cave etc dweller. They dwelt in the middle of the forest. to dwell in a forest/on an island. جستجو ___________________________ element n. one part or feature of a whole system, plan, piece of work etc, especially one that is basic or important n. element* *environment adj. elemental Syn. component City dwellers are out of their element in the country. Hard work and perseverance are the basic elements of success. Honesty is a vital element of her success. the primary element in the country's economy Besides ability, the other essential element in political success is luck. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ elementary adj. simple in structure, easy to do Syn. primary (relating to the education of children between five and eleven years old) The solution to the problem was actually quite elementary. You must take Elementary Physics before you can enroll in the advanced course. The question/answer is elementary. You've made a very elementary mistake. the elementary principles of each science. "it's elementary, dear Watson!" Many people know and use Sherlock Holmes’s phrase “Elementary, my dear Watson” when someone asks them a question that seems difficult except to them. جستجو ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ eliminate v. to remove, free or get rid oneself of something n. elimination adj. eliminated Syn. delete Mistakes must be eliminated before you hand in a term paper. The elimination of the runner from the race was decided by the judge. Their elimination from the competition in the first round was a great surprise. The police realized, by a process of elimination (=by eliminating each possibility in turn until only one was left), that the husband must have been the murderer. Can we ever eliminate hunger from the world? Our team was eliminated (from the competition) in the first round. The police have eliminated all the other suspects (=shown that they are not guilty), so only one now remains. This new process has eliminated the need for checking the products by hand. The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques. The teacher should try to eliminate the possibility that the child has a hearing defect. Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet. *http://salamzaban.com/search?searchword=eliminate&ordering=&searchphrase=all ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ emphasize v. to show that something is especially important or exceptional, to say something in a strong way adj. emphatic (expressing an opinion, idea etc in a clear, strong way to show its importance) n. emphasis adv. emphatically Syn. highlight The professor emphasized certain aspects of the historical period. When asked if they would like to leave class early, the students answered with an emphatic "yes". The dress emphasized the shape of her body. The Prime Minister emphasized that there are no plans to raise taxes. The report emphasizes the importance of improving safety standards. Logan made a speech emphasizing the need for more volunteers. he emphasized that I should take you too. fairness must be emphasized too. She answered with an emphatic “No.” an emphatic refusal. an emphatic victory. an emphatic denial. Wilde was emphatic that the event should go ahead. he gave an emphatic order not to let anyone in. He was pretty emphatic about me leaving. an emphatic defeat. he emphatically demanded an immediate examination of the files. He thumped the table with his hand to emphasize what he was saying. I’d like to emphasize (=to make this point very clearly) that we are ready to meet the management at any time. ___________________________ encircle v. to make a circle around, to surround someone or something completely adj. encircled n. encirclement Syn. surround The players encircled their coach after winning the big game. The encircled celebrity actually became afraid of her fans. The island was encircled by a dusty road. Rebel forces had encircled the airport. He encircled her in his arms. The house was encircled by/with trees. enemy forces encircled the town. now, the enemy's encirclement was complete. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ erratic adj. no regular pattern in thinking or movement; changeable without reason; not regular in movement or behavior, something that is erratic does not follow any pattern or plan but happens in a way that is not regular adv. erratically Syn. inconsistent The artist's paintings have an erratic qualify, some being excellent, and others mediocre. The unstable chemical reacted erratically. She’s a very erratic tennis player. (=sometimes good, sometimes bad) He made erratic movements with his hands. His breathing was becoming erratic. She found it hard to cope with his erratic behaviour. He always drives erratically. an erratic comet. this morning the cotton market was erratic. the erratic course of the river. an erratic man. جستجو ___________________________ exaggerate v. to make something more than what it is to say or believe more than the truth about (something); make (something) seem larger, better, worse, etc., than it really is: adj. exaggerated n. exaggeration Syn. overstate The federal government exaggerated the success of its programs. To say that his business is successful would be an exaggeration. The machine is very useful, but he’s exaggerating when he calls it the greatest invention ever made! The seriousness of the situation has been much exaggerated in the press. He has an exaggerated idea of his own importance. I couldn't sleep for three days - I'm not exaggerating. it's easy/difficult/impossible to exaggerate something It's difficult to exaggerate the importance of sleep. she exaggerated her own daughter's virtues. don't exaggerate! their propaganda machine exaggerates everything grossly. the striped dress exaggerates her shortness. To call it a mountain would be an exaggeration; it’s more of a hill. I can say without exaggeration that she’s the most useful person in the company. It would be an exaggeration to say that we were close friends. It is no exaggeration to say that everyone will be affected by the new policy. The situation can be described, without exaggeration, as disastrous. That sounds like a slight exaggeration. جستجو ____________________________________ mention v. to say; relate in written form to tell about (something) in a few words, without giving details adj. mentioned n. mention Syn. remark Theater-goers often mention that they enjoy watching movies on a large screen. The book mentioned today was included in the bibliography that was handed out in class last week. We’d expected him to discuss the new proposals in his speech, but he hardly even mentioned them. She mentioned that she’d seen the movie, but she didn’t tell us anything about it. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ pier n. a place where boats arrive to take on or unload cargo and passengers a similar structure at which boats can stop to take in or land their passengers or FREIGHT (=goods), usu. larger than a JETTY Syn. dock The submarine arrived at the pier on time. The goods were unloaded onto the pier. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ prevalent adj. existing widely or commonly n. prevalence Syn. commonplace Comfortable trade winds are prevalent in the Caribbean islands. There is a prevalence of disease where poor sanitation conditions exist. Eye diseases are prevalent in some tropical countries. Solvent abuse is especially prevalent among younger teenagers. the prevalent belief in astrology. the beliefs prevalent among these tribes. illiteracy is still prevalent in this area. malaria used to be prevalent in Gillan. the prevalence of deafness in older age groups. جستجو ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ release n. release 1 ▶LET SOMEBODY GO◀ to let someone go free, after having kept them somewhere ￚsee also free, discharge Police arrested several men, who were later released. The bears are eventually released into the wild. release somebody from something He was released from the hospital yesterday. 2 ▶MAKE PUBLIC◀ to let news or official information be known and printed ￚsynonym publish The new trade figures have just been released. The release of the records was expected today. 3 ▶FILM/RECORD◀ to make a CD, video, film etc available for people to buy or see A version of the game for Mac computers will be released in February. A new movie was just released. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ آزمونهای درس 11 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل (لطفا از مرورگر استاندارد و دارای فلش استفاده نمایید.) آزمون شماره 1 درس 11 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 2 درس 11 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل آزمون شماره 3 درس 11 لغات ضروری آزمون تافل ( لطفا تا باز شدن آزمون صبور باشید.)
